AIThis post was created with the assistance of artificial intelligence (AI).

For anyone interested in measuring pH levels with Arduino, choosing the right starter kit can be challenging. The best options provide reliable sensors, clear instructions, and compatibility with various Arduino boards. The pH Sensor Kit for Arduino with BNC Electrode Probe stands out for its accuracy and ease of use, making it a top pick. The Hilitand pH Module Probe Kit offers a budget-friendly alternative with solid performance, while the Professional Grade pH Sensor Kit caters to advanced users needing wider measurement ranges. Keep reading to explore these options and more, along with insights to help you make the best choice for your project needs.

AUDIBLE

Listen free for 30 days with Audible

Thousands of audiobooks and originals — cancel anytime.

Start your free trial

As an affiliate, we earn on qualifying purchases.

7
compared
5
brands
2
detection ranges
Which arduino ph sensor starter kit should you buy?
★ Top Pick
pH Sensor Kit for Arduino with
Best Overall for Easy Integration and Fast Response
Fast response time under 5 seconds
See on Amazon →
Industrial or laboratory technicians needing durable, wide-range pH and temperature measurements
Hilitand pH Module Probe Kit
High accuracy and wide measurement range
View on Amazon →
Industrial engineers or electronics hobbyists needing a compact, fast-responding pH sensor for embedded applications
Teyleten pH Sensor Module for
Fast response time under 5 seconds
View on Amazon →
Hobbyists or educators needing a multi-platform compatible pH sensor that requires minimal upkeep
pH Sensor for Arduino
Reliable and accurate pH measurements
View on Amazon →
Researchers or industrial professionals requiring precise, wide-range pH measurements with stable performance
Professional Grade pH Sensor K
Wide pH detection range for versatile applications
View on Amazon →
Pros & cons at a glance
pH Sensor Kit for Arduino with
✓ Fast response time under 5 seconds
✗ Requires proper calibration for precise measurements
Hilitand pH Module Probe Kit
✓ High accuracy and wide measurement range
✗ Response time of 5 seconds may be slow for some applications
Teyleten pH Sensor Module for
✓ Fast response time under 5 seconds
✗ Requires careful calibration for accurate readings
pH Sensor for Arduino
✓ Reliable and accurate pH measurements
✗ Sensor voltage readings may require calibration
Professional Grade pH Sensor K
✓ Wide pH detection range for versatile applications
✗ Requires proper calibration for best accuracy
pH Sensor Kit for Arduino with
✓ Accurate and stable pH measurements
✗ Requires calibration for precise readings
FABULETTA pH Sensor Kit for Ar
✓ Wide detection range suitable for various water sources
✗ Requires some technical knowledge for setup

Key Takeaways

  • Top picks balance sensor accuracy with ease of integration, with the first-place kit excelling in reliability and user support.
  • Many kits include BNC connectors, but their quality varies; investing in a durable probe improves long-term performance.
  • Higher-priced kits often feature wider measurement ranges and professional-grade sensors, suitable for advanced applications.
  • Compatibility matters—ensure the kit works seamlessly with your Arduino model and includes clear wiring instructions.
  • Budget options can be effective for beginners but may lack durability or precision needed for more serious projects.
2
Hilitand pH Module Probe Kit
Best for Durable, Wide-Range Measurement with Temperature Detection
1
pH Sensor Kit for Arduino with
Best Overall for Easy Integration and Fast Response
3
Teyleten pH Sensor Module for
Best for Compact, Industrial-Grade Applications

Our Top Arduino Ph Sensor Starter Kit Picks

pH Sensor Kit for Arduino with BNC Electrode ProbepH Sensor Kit for Arduino with BNC Electrode ProbeBest Overall for Easy Integration and Fast ResponseDetection Range: pH 0-14Response Time: ≤5 secondsIncludes: BNC pH Electrode Probe, Sensor ModuleVIEW ON AMAZONSee Our Full Breakdown
Hilitand pH Module Probe Kit, pH 0-14 Value Detect Sensor with BNC ConnectorHilitand pH Module Probe Kit, pH 0-14 Value Detect Sensor with BNC ConnectorBest for Durable, Wide-Range Measurement with Temperature DetectionMeasurement Range: pH 0-14, Temperature 0-80℃Temperature Detection Range: 0-80℃Working Temperature: -10~50℃VIEW ON AMAZONSee Our Full Breakdown
Teyleten pH Sensor Module for Arduino – Acidity and Alkalinity Detection (pH 0-14)Teyleten pH Sensor Module for Arduino - Acidity and Alkalinity Detection (pH 0-14)Best for Compact, Industrial-Grade ApplicationsDetection Range: pH 0-14Response Time: ≤5 secondsDetection Temperature Range: 0-80°CVIEW ON AMAZONSee Our Full Breakdown
pH Sensor for Arduino, pH 0-14 Value Detect Sensor Module with BNC Electrode Probe, Compatible with Arduino and Raspberry PipH Sensor for Arduino, pH 0-14 Value Detect Sensor Module with BNC Electrode Probe, Compatible with Arduino and Raspberry PiBest for Versatile Compatibility and Minimal MaintenanceMeasurement Range: pH 0-14Voltage Output: around 2.51V at pH 7, 3.03V at pH 4Compatibility: Arduino, Raspberry PiVIEW ON AMAZONSee Our Full Breakdown
Professional Grade pH Sensor Kit for Arduino with Wide Concentration RangeProfessional Grade pH Sensor Kit for Arduino with Wide Concentration RangeBest for Professional-Grade, Highly Accurate MeasurementsDetection Range: pH 0 to 14Response Time: less than 5 secondsComponents: pH electrode probe, BNC connectorVIEW ON AMAZONSee Our Full Breakdown
pH Sensor Kit for Arduino with pH Electrode Probe BNC, 0-14 Range, 5V DCpH Sensor Kit for Arduino with pH Electrode Probe BNC, 0-14 Range, 5V DCBest for Versatile, Accurate pH Measurement in Multiple ApplicationsRange: 0-14 pHPower: 5V DCComponents: pH electrode probe, BNC connector, mounting holesVIEW ON AMAZONSee Our Full Breakdown
FABULETTA pH Sensor Kit for Arduino with Electrode Probe and ModuleFABULETTA pH Sensor Kit for Arduino with Electrode Probe and ModuleBest for Fast, Reliable Water Quality Monitoring with Easy InstallationDetection Range: pH 0-14Response Time: Less than 5 secondsComponents: Electrode probe, BNC connectorVIEW ON AMAZONSee Our Full Breakdown
Specs at a glance
arduino ph sensor starter kitResponse TimeDetection Range
pH Sensor Kit for Arduino with≤5 secondspH 0-14
Hilitand pH Module Probe Kit5 seconds
Teyleten pH Sensor Module for ≤5 secondspH 0-14
pH Sensor for Arduino
Professional Grade pH Sensor Kless than 5 secondspH 0 to 14
pH Sensor Kit for Arduino with
FABULETTA pH Sensor Kit for ArLess than 5 secondspH 0-14

More Details on Our Top Picks

  1. pH Sensor Kit for Arduino with BNC Electrode Probe

    pH Sensor Kit for Arduino with BNC Electrode Probe

    Best Overall for Easy Integration and Fast Response

    View on Amazon

    This kit stands out for its quick response time of under 5 seconds and straightforward integration with Arduino, making it ideal for those who want reliable, real-time pH measurements without complex setup. Compared to the Hilitand pH Module Probe Kit, it offers a simpler mounting design but requires careful calibration for accuracy. Its BNC connector enhances compatibility, though some users might need adapters, adding minor inconvenience. This kit is perfect for educational projects or scientific experiments where speed and ease of use are priorities.

    Pros:
    • Fast response time under 5 seconds
    • Stable and accurate readings
    • Easy to install and integrate with Arduino
    Cons:
    • Requires proper calibration for precise measurements
    • BNC connector may need additional adapters for some setups

    Best for: Hobbyists or educators seeking a straightforward, fast-responding pH sensor kit for educational or experimental setups

    Not ideal for: Professionals needing highly precise measurements in a laboratory setting, as calibration can be tricky and setup may lack advanced features

    • Detection Range:pH 0-14
    • Response Time:≤5 seconds
    • Includes:BNC pH Electrode Probe, Sensor Module
    • Mounting Holes:4 M3 holes
    Our verdict
    “This kit is perfect for users who want quick, reliable pH readings with minimal fuss and straightforward Arduino integration.”
  2. Hilitand pH Module Probe Kit, pH 0-14 Value Detect Sensor with BNC Connector

    Hilitand pH Module Probe Kit, pH 0-14 Value Detect Sensor with BNC Connector

    Best for Durable, Wide-Range Measurement with Temperature Detection

    View on Amazon

    The Hilitand pH Module Kit offers a broad measurement range up to pH 14 and integrates temperature detection from 0-80°C, making it suitable for more comprehensive testing, including laboratory or industrial environments. Its ABS construction boosts durability, and setup is straightforward thanks to the BNC connector, unlike some more fragile options. However, its 5-second response time might be slower than other kits like the pH Sensor Kit for Arduino, which could be a drawback in real-time monitoring scenarios. This kit suits users who need durability and multifaceted measurement capabilities.

    Pros:
    • High accuracy and wide measurement range
    • Durable ABS construction for long-lasting use
    • Easy to install with BNC connector and no special tools needed
    Cons:
    • Response time of 5 seconds may be slow for some applications
    • Requires calibration for precise measurements

    Best for: Industrial or laboratory technicians needing durable, wide-range pH and temperature measurements

    Not ideal for: Hobbyists or casual users who prioritize rapid response over long-term durability and broad measurement range

    • Measurement Range:pH 0-14, Temperature 0-80℃
    • Temperature Detection Range:0-80℃
    • Working Temperature:-10~50℃
    • Response Time:5 seconds
    Our verdict
    “This kit is ideal for professionals who value durability and comprehensive measurement features over ultra-fast response times.”
  3. Teyleten pH Sensor Module for Arduino – Acidity and Alkalinity Detection (pH 0-14)

    Teyleten pH Sensor Module for Arduino - Acidity and Alkalinity Detection (pH 0-14)

    Best for Compact, Industrial-Grade Applications

    View on Amazon

    The Teyleten pH Sensor Module delivers a fast under 5 seconds response and is designed for industrial and electronic applications, with a compact size that facilitates integration into tight spaces. Its analog output simplifies connection to existing systems, but it demands careful calibration and might be sensitive to environmental factors like humidity. Compared to the pH Sensor Kit for Arduino, it offers a more modern, smaller footprint but lacks digital output options, which could be limiting for some advanced projects. This module is best suited for users who need a small, reliable sensor for industrial monitoring.

    Pros:
    • Fast response time under 5 seconds
    • Compact size with mounting holes
    • Operates within a broad temperature range
    Cons:
    • Requires careful calibration for accurate readings
    • Limited to analog output, may need additional ADC

    Best for: Industrial engineers or electronics hobbyists needing a compact, fast-responding pH sensor for embedded applications

    Not ideal for: Beginners or casual users who prefer plug-and-play kits with digital output options and minimal calibration

    • Detection Range:pH 0-14
    • Response Time:≤5 seconds
    • Detection Temperature Range:0-80°C
    • Module Size:42mm x 32mm x 20mm
    Our verdict
    “This sensor module is ideal for space-constrained, industrial or embedded projects where size and speed are critical.”
  4. pH Sensor for Arduino, pH 0-14 Value Detect Sensor Module with BNC Electrode Probe, Compatible with Arduino and Raspberry Pi

    pH Sensor for Arduino, pH 0-14 Value Detect Sensor Module with BNC Electrode Probe, Compatible with Arduino and Raspberry Pi

    Best for Versatile Compatibility and Minimal Maintenance

    View on Amazon

    This sensor provides reliable pH readings compatible with both Arduino and Raspberry Pi, making it flexible for different projects. Its minimal maintenance requirement and included protective box boost its appeal for long-term applications like aquariums or gardening. However, voltage readings need calibration, and setup may require some technical skill, especially for beginners unfamiliar with analog signals. Compared to the pH Sensor Kit for Arduino, it excels in multi-platform compatibility but might fall short on detailed specs and calibration simplicity. It suits users who want a dependable sensor with broad device compatibility.

    Pros:
    • Reliable and accurate pH measurements
    • Compatible with Arduino and Raspberry Pi
    • Minimal maintenance required
    Cons:
    • Sensor voltage readings may require calibration
    • Setup can be complex for beginners

    Best for: Hobbyists or educators needing a multi-platform compatible pH sensor that requires minimal upkeep

    Not ideal for: Users seeking plug-and-play solutions with detailed calibration guides or digital outputs

    • Measurement Range:pH 0-14
    • Voltage Output:around 2.51V at pH 7, 3.03V at pH 4
    • Compatibility:Arduino, Raspberry Pi
    • Includes:Electrode probe, protective box
    Our verdict
    “This sensor fits users seeking flexible, low-maintenance pH measurement across multiple microcontroller platforms.”
  5. Professional Grade pH Sensor Kit for Arduino with Wide Concentration Range

    Professional Grade pH Sensor Kit for Arduino with Wide Concentration Range

    Best for Professional-Grade, Highly Accurate Measurements

    View on Amazon

    This kit stands out for its wide pH detection range and fast response time of less than 5 seconds, making it suitable for demanding scientific or industrial applications. Its stable performance and easy mounting with four holes make installation straightforward, but calibration remains essential for precision. Compared with more basic kits like the pH Sensor Kit for Arduino, it offers enhanced reliability and versatility at a higher cost. This product is best for experienced users or professionals who need dependable, accurate data in complex environments.

    Pros:
    • Wide pH detection range for versatile applications
    • Fast response time for quick measurements
    • Stable and reliable performance
    Cons:
    • Requires proper calibration for best accuracy
    • May need additional components for complete system integration

    Best for: Researchers or industrial professionals requiring precise, wide-range pH measurements with stable performance

    Not ideal for: Beginners or casual hobbyists who lack experience calibrating high-end sensors or require simple plug-and-play solutions

    • Detection Range:pH 0 to 14
    • Response Time:less than 5 seconds
    • Components:pH electrode probe, BNC connector
    • Mounting Holes:4-M3
    Our verdict
    “This kit is suited for advanced users demanding high accuracy and durability in professional or scientific settings.”
  6. pH Sensor Kit for Arduino with pH Electrode Probe BNC, 0-14 Range, 5V DC

    pH Sensor Kit for Arduino with pH Electrode Probe BNC, 0-14 Range, 5V DC

    Best for Versatile, Accurate pH Measurement in Multiple Applications

    View on Amazon

    This pH sensor kit excels in providing stable and precise pH readings, making it a solid choice for hobbyists and professionals alike. Compared to the FABULETTA kit, it offers reliable measurements but requires careful calibration, which can be a hurdle for newcomers. Its mounting holes simplify installation, yet it’s limited to a 5V power supply, which might restrict integration with some Arduino setups. This kit is ideal for those who need dependable readings in environments like aquariums or small research projects and are comfortable with calibration routines. The included electrode and BNC connector ensure compatibility across various devices, but users should note that calibration is essential for accuracy over time.

    Pros:
    • Accurate and stable pH measurements
    • Easy to install with mounting holes
    • Suitable for diverse applications like aquariums and research
    Cons:
    • Requires calibration for precise readings
    • Limited to 5V DC power supply

    Best for: Hobbyists and professionals seeking a reliable, multi-purpose pH sensor for scientific or environmental projects

    Not ideal for: Beginners or users who prefer plug-and-play solutions with minimal calibration, as this kit demands some setup knowledge

    • Range:0-14 pH
    • Power:5V DC
    • Components:pH electrode probe, BNC connector, mounting holes
    Our verdict
    “This kit is best suited for users who need dependable pH data and are prepared to calibrate regularly, especially in scientific or environmental contexts.”
  7. FABULETTA pH Sensor Kit for Arduino with Electrode Probe and Module

    FABULETTA pH Sensor Kit for Arduino with Electrode Probe and Module

    Best for Fast, Reliable Water Quality Monitoring with Easy Installation

    View on Amazon

    The FABULETTA kit stands out for its rapid response time, making it ideal for real-time water quality monitoring. Unlike the more general-purpose pH sensor kit, it offers a response under 5 seconds, which is critical for applications needing immediate feedback. Its wide detection range covers most water testing scenarios, but it requires a degree of technical skill to set up correctly, which could pose a challenge for beginners. The inclusion of mounting holes aids installation, yet its focus remains strictly on water environments, limiting its use for broader pH measurement needs. Overall, this pick is well-suited for users who prioritize speed and stability in water testing but should be prepared for some initial configuration work.

    Pros:
    • Wide detection range suitable for various water sources
    • Fast response time for real-time data
    • Stable and reliable performance in water environments
    Cons:
    • Requires some technical knowledge for setup
    • Limited to water quality applications

    Best for: Water quality testers and environmental monitoring professionals needing quick, accurate pH readings

    Not ideal for: Novice users or those seeking a multi-purpose pH sensor for non-water samples, due to setup complexity

    • Detection Range:pH 0-14
    • Response Time:Less than 5 seconds
    • Components:Electrode probe, BNC connector
    • Installation:4 mounting holes
    Our verdict
    “This sensor kit is ideal for users who require rapid, dependable pH measurements in water testing but are comfortable with technical installation and calibration processes.”
arduino ph sensor starter kit
What makes a great arduino ph sensor starter kit
1
Sensor Accuracy and Range
The core function of any pH kit is its sensor’s ability to deliver accurate measurements across the required pH range.
2
Compatibility and Ease of Setup
Ensure the kit’s components—especially the sensor and connector types—are compatible with your Arduino model.
3
Build Quality and Durability
Since pH sensors are often immersed in liquids, their durability is a key factor.
4
Accessories and Calibration
Calibration solutions and accessories significantly influence measurement accuracy.
How to choose your arduino ph sensor starter kit
1
How we picked
These products were selected based on their sensor quality, ease of setup, compatibility with common Arduino models, and
2
Sensor Accuracy and Range
The core function of any pH kit is its sensor’s ability to deliver accurate measurements across the required pH range.
3
Compatibility and Ease of Setup
Ensure the kit’s components—especially the sensor and connector types—are compatible with your Arduino model.
4
Build Quality and Durability
Since pH sensors are often immersed in liquids, their durability is a key factor.
5
Accessories and Calibration
Calibration solutions and accessories significantly influence measurement accuracy.
Vetted arduino ph sensor starter kit ·
The best arduino ph sensor starter kit, compared
★ Winner pH Sensor Kit for Arduino with
Best Overall for Easy Integration and Fast Response
7compared
2detection ranges

How We Picked

These products were selected based on their sensor quality, ease of setup, compatibility with common Arduino models, and overall value. Priority was given to kits that offer reliable pH readings, clear documentation, and durable components. We also considered user reviews to gauge real-world performance and durability. Kits with comprehensive accessories or professional-grade sensors earned higher rankings, while affordability and beginner-friendliness influenced the placement of more budget-oriented options.
Everyday → specialist
Everyday & valuePremium & specialist
Which arduino ph sensor starter kit fits you?
The everyday user
All-round, reliable
The enthusiast
Premium & high-performance
The gift-giver
Looks & craftsmanship

Factors to Consider When Choosing Arduino Ph Sensor Starter Kit

Choosing the right Arduino pH sensor starter kit involves several considerations that go beyond just the sensor itself. First, evaluate the sensor’s measurement range and accuracy, especially if your project demands precise pH readings or extended ranges. Compatibility with your Arduino board is also essential; some kits are tailored for specific models or require additional components. Durability and probe lifespan impact long-term usability, so investing in quality sensors can save replacement costs. Additionally, consider the included accessories—such as calibration solutions, cables, and user manuals—that facilitate a smooth setup process. Finally, assess the overall value, balancing price against features and build quality to ensure your investment supports your project goals effectively.

Sensor Accuracy and Range

The core function of any pH kit is its sensor’s ability to deliver accurate measurements across the required pH range. Kits with higher accuracy and broader ranges (like 0-14) are better suited for scientific or professional applications, while simpler kits may suffice for hobbyist projects. Be aware that some sensors may need frequent calibration to maintain precision, especially in challenging environments. Investing in a high-quality sensor can reduce errors and improve data consistency over time.

Compatibility and Ease of Setup

Ensure the kit’s components—especially the sensor and connector types—are compatible with your Arduino model. Kits with clear wiring instructions and straightforward calibration procedures minimize setup time and reduce frustration. For beginners, a kit with pre-mounted sensors and step-by-step guides can make the learning curve less steep. Advanced users should look for kits that allow customization or include features like digital output for easier interfacing.

Build Quality and Durability

Since pH sensors are often immersed in liquids, their durability is a key factor. Sensors with robust probes and resistant connectors tend to last longer, especially if you plan regular or industrial use. Cheaper sensors may degrade quickly or require frequent replacement, which could increase long-term costs. Consider the build materials and user reviews related to longevity when selecting a kit.

Accessories and Calibration

Calibration solutions and accessories significantly influence measurement accuracy. Kits that include calibration buffers or detailed instructions for calibration procedures improve reliability. Additional accessories like waterproof enclosures or spare probes can extend the lifespan of your setup. Carefully review what each kit offers to avoid missing essential calibration components or support.

Price and Overall Value

While budget options can be tempting, they might compromise on sensor quality or included accessories. Conversely, premium kits often come with professional-grade sensors, comprehensive documentation, and longer-lasting components. Determine your project’s requirements and balance the cost against expected performance and durability. A higher initial investment can be worthwhile if it ensures consistent, accurate measurements over time.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I use a pH sensor kit with both Arduino and Raspberry Pi?

Yes, many pH sensor kits are compatible with both Arduino and Raspberry Pi, but it’s important to verify the specific interface options. Most kits designed for Arduino typically use analog or digital signals that can be adapted for Raspberry Pi with additional components like ADCs or interfaces. Make sure to check the included documentation for compatibility details and whether extra accessories are needed to connect with your preferred platform.

How often do I need to calibrate a pH sensor in a starter kit?

Calibration frequency depends on your usage and the environment. For hobbyist or occasional use, calibrating once every few weeks or after a certain number of measurements is usually sufficient. In more demanding situations, calibration may be needed daily or weekly to maintain accuracy. Regular calibration with fresh buffer solutions is essential to ensure reliable readings, especially if the sensor is exposed to extreme conditions or rough handling.

What should I do if my pH sensor readings are inconsistent?

Inconsistent readings often result from improper calibration, contaminated probes, or environmental factors. First, ensure the sensor is calibrated correctly using fresh buffer solutions. Check for dirt, debris, or buildup on the probe and clean it gently if needed. Also, verify that the sensor is properly submerged and connected. If problems persist, consider replacing the probe or consulting the manufacturer’s troubleshooting guide to address potential issues related to sensor aging or damage.

Are professional-grade pH sensors worth the extra cost for hobby projects?

Professional-grade sensors provide higher accuracy, greater durability, and wider measurement ranges, which can be beneficial for serious or long-term projects. However, they are often more expensive and may require more careful calibration and maintenance. For casual hobby use or learning purposes, a well-chosen budget option can suffice, but if you need consistent precision or plan to work in demanding environments, investing in a professional sensor may justify the additional cost.

What common mistakes should I avoid when setting up an Arduino pH sensor kit?

Avoid rushing calibration or ignoring calibration procedures altogether, as this directly impacts measurement accuracy. Ensure all connections are secure and correctly wired according to the instructions. Don’t expose the sensor to extreme temperatures or contaminants that could damage it. Additionally, neglecting to regularly clean and calibrate the probe can lead to drift and inaccurate data, undermining the reliability of your project.

Conclusion

For casual hobbyists and beginners, the Hilitand pH Module Probe Kit offers a budget-friendly entry point with decent performance. Those seeking reliable, straightforward use should consider the pH Sensor Kit for Arduino with BNC Electrode Probe as an excellent all-around choice. Professionals or advanced users needing wider measurement ranges and robust sensors will find the Professional Grade pH Sensor Kit justifies the investment. Overall, your choice should align with your project’s precision needs, experience level, and long-term plans—select the best kit that matches your specific application.

FALL YARD WORK

Fall yard work Picks

As an affiliate, we earn on qualifying purchases.

You May Also Like

15 Best PCs for Home Office in 2025 — Power, Performance, and Style

Find out the top 15 PCs for your home office in 2025, offering unmatched power, performance, and style to boost your productivity—continue reading to discover the perfect fit.

15 Best Educational Science Reference Posters in 2026

Discover the top educational science reference posters for classrooms in 2026. Find the best overall, value, and beginner-friendly options here.

4 Best Off‑Road Accessories to Elevate Your Adventure in 2026

Discover the top offroad accessories of 2026, including recovery boards, repair kits, tow straps, and shackles. Find the best gear for your adventure needs.

10 Best Premium Wooden Dollhouse Sets That Will Spark Imagination and Joy

Discover the top premium wooden dollhouse sets of 2026. Find the best overall, value, and beginner-friendly options for timeless pretend play.